aka:The linux Programming Interface

• Memo
  • http://man7.org/tlpi/

• 1. History and Standards
  • 1.1. A Brief History of UNIX and C
  • 1.2. A Brief History of Linux
  • 1.3. Standardization
  • 1.4. Summary
• 2. Fundamental Concepts
  • 2.1. The Core Operating System: The Kernel
  • 2.2. The Shell
  • 2.3. Users and Groups
  • 2.4. Single Directory Hierarchy, Directories, Links, and Files
  • 2.5. File I/O Model
  • 2.6. Programs
  • 2.7. Processes
  • 2.8. Memory Mappings
  • 2.9. Static and Shared Libraries
  • 2.10. Interprocess Communication and Synchronization
  • 2.11. Signals
  • 2.12. Threads
  • 2.13. Process Groups and Shell Job Control
  • 2.14. Sessions, Controlling Terminals, and Controlling Processes
  • 2.15. Pseudoterminals
  • 2.16. Date and Time
  • 2.17. Client-Server Architecture
  • 2.18. Realtime
  • 2.19. The /proc File System
  • 2.20. Summary
• 3. System Programming Concepts
  • 3.1. System Calls
  • 3.2. Library Functions
  • 3.3. The Standard C Library; The GNU C Library (glibc)
  • 3.4. Handling Errors from System Calls and Library Functions
  • 3.5. Notes on the Example Programs in This Book
  • 3.6. Portability Issues
  • 3.7. Summary
  • 3.8. Exercise
• 4. File I/O: The Universal I/O Model
  • 4.1. Overview
  • 4.2. Universality of I/O
  • 4.3. Opening a File: open()
  • 4.4. Reading from a File: read()
  • 4.5. Writing to a File: write()
  • 4.6. Closing a File: close()
  • 4.7. Changing the File Offset: lseek()
  • 4.8. Operations Outside the Universal I/O Model: ioctl()
  • 4.9. Summary
  • 4.10. Exercises
• 5. File I/O: Further Details
  • 5.1. Atomicity and Race Conditions
  • 5.2. File Control Operations: fcntl()
  • 5.3. Open File Status Flags
  • 5.4. Relationship Between File Descriptors and Open Files
  • 5.5. Duplicating File Descriptors
  • 5.6. File I/O at a Specified Offset: pread() and pwrite()
  • 5.7. Scatter-Gather I/O: readv() and writev()
  • 5.8. Truncating a File: truncate() and ftruncate()
  • 5.9. Nonblocking I/O
  • 5.10. I/O on Large Files
  • 5.11. The /dev/fd Directory
  • 5.12. Creating Temporary Files
  • 5.13. Summary
  • 5.14. Exercises
• 6. Processes
  • 6.1. Processes and Programs
  • 6.2. Process ID and Parent Process ID
  • 6.3. Memory Layout of a Process
  • 6.4. Virtual Memory Management
  • 6.5. The Stack and Stack Frames
  • 6.6. Command-Line Arguments (argc, argv)
  • 6.7. Environment List
  • 6.8. Performing a Nonlocal Goto: setjmp() and long jmp()
  • 6.9. Summary
  • 6.10. Exercises
• 7. Memory Allocation
  • 7.1. Allocating Memory on the Heap
  • 7.2. Allocating Memory on the Stack: alloca()
  • 7.3. Summary
  • 7.4. Exercises
• 8. Users and Groups
  • 8.1. The Password File: /etc/passwd
  • 8.2. The Shadow Password File: /etc/shadow
  • 8.3. The Group File: /etc/group
  • 8.4. Retrieving User and Group Information
  • 8.5. Password Encryption and User Authentication
  • 8.6. Summary
  • 8.7. Exercises
• 9. Process Credentials
  • 9.1. Real User ID and Real Group ID
  • 9.2. Effective User ID and Effective Group ID
  • 9.3. Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID Programs
  • 9.4. Saved Set-User-ID and Saved Set-Group-ID
  • 9.5. File-System User ID and File-System Group ID
  • 9.6. Supplementary Group IDs
  • 9.7. Retrieving and Modifying Process Credentials
  • 9.8. Summary
  • 9.9. Exercises
• 10. Time
  • 10.1. Calendar Time
  • 10.2. Time-Conversion Functions
  • 10.3. Timezones
  • 10.4. Locales
  • 10.5. Updating the System Clock
  • 10.6. The Software Clock (Jiffies)
  • 10.7. Process Time
  • 10.8. Summary
  • 10.9. Exercise
• 11. System Limits and Options
  • 11.1. System Limits
  • 11.2. Retrieving System Limits (and Options) at Run Time
  • 11.3. Retrieving File-Related Limits (and Options) at Run Time
  • 11.4. Indeterminate Limits
  • 11.5. System Options
  • 11.6. Summary
  • 11.7. Exercises
• 12. System and Process Information
  • 12.1. The /proc File System
  • 12.2. System Identification: uname()
  • 12.3. Summary
  • 12.4. Exercises
• 13. File I/O Buffering
  • 13.1. Kernel Buffering of File I/O: The Buffer Cache
  • 13.2. Buffering in the stdio Library
  • 13.3. Controlling Kernel Buffering of File I/O
  • 13.4. Summary of I/O Buffering
  • 13.5. Advising the Kernel About I/O Patterns
  • 13.6. Bypassing the Buffer Cache: Direct I/O
  • 13.7. Mixing Library Functions and System Calls for File I/O
  • 13.8. Summary
  • 13.9. Exercises
• 14. File Systems
  • 14.1. Device Special Files (Devices)
  • 14.2. Disks and Partitions
  • 14.3. File Systems
  • 14.4. I-nodes
  • 14.5. The Virtual File System (VFS)
  • 14.6. Journaling File Systems
  • 14.7. Single Directory Hierarchy and Mount Points
  • 14.8. Mounting and Unmounting File Systems
  • 14.9. Advanced Mount Features
  • 14.10. A Virtual Memory File System: tmpfs
  • 14.11. Obtaining Information About a File System: statvfs()
  • 14.12. Summary
  • 14.13. Exercise
• 15. File Attributes
  • 15.1. Retrieving File Information: stat()
  • 15.2. File Timestamps
  • 15.3. File Ownership
  • 15.4. File Permissions
  • 15.5. I-node Flags (ext2 Extended File Attributes)
  • 15.6. Summary
  • 15.7. Exercises
• 16. Extended Attributes
  • 16.1. Overview
  • 16.2. Extended Attribute Implementation Details
  • 16.3. System Calls for Manipulating Extended Attributes
  • 16.4. Summary
  • 16.5. Exercise
• 17. Access Control Lists
  • 17.1. Overview
  • 17.2. ACL Permission-Checking Algorithm
  • 17.3. Long and Short Text Forms for ACLs
  • 17.4. The ACL_MASK Entry and the ACL Group Class
  • 17.5. The getfacl and setfacl Commands
  • 17.6. Default ACLs and File Creation
  • 17.7. ACL Implementation Limits
  • 17.8. The ACL API
  • 17.9. Summary
  • 17.10. Exercise
• 18. Directories and Links
  • 18.1. Directories and (Hard) Links
  • 18.2. Symbolic (Soft) Links
  • 18.3. Creating and Removing (Hard) Links: link() and unlink()
  • 18.4. Changing the Name of a File: rename()
  • 18.5. Working with Symbolic Links: symlink() and readlink()
  • 18.6. Creating and Removing Directories: mkdir() and rmdir()
  • 18.7. Removing a File or Directory: remove()
  • 18.8. Reading Directories: opendir() and readdir()
  • 18.9. File Tree Walking: nftw()
  • 18.10. The Current Working Directory of a Process
  • 18.11. Operating Relative to a Directory File Descriptor
  • 18.12. Changing the Root Directory of a Process: chroot()
  • 18.13. Resolving a Pathname: realpath()
  • 18.14. Parsing Pathname Strings: dirname() and basename()
  • 18.15. Summary
  • 18.16. Exercises
• 19. Monitoring File Events
  • 19.1. Overview
  • 19.2. The inotify API
  • 19.3. inotify Events
  • 19.4. Reading inotify Events
  • 19.5. Queue Limits and /proc Files
  • 19.6. An Older System for Monitoring File Events: dnotify
  • 19.7. Summary
  • 19.8. Exercise
• 20. Signals: Fundamental Concepts
  • 20.1. Concepts and Overview
  • 20.2. Signal Types and Default Actions
  • 20.3. Changing Signal Dispositions: signal()
  • 20.4. Introduction to Signal Handlers
  • 20.5. Sending Signals: kill()
  • 20.6. Checking for the Existence of a Process
  • 20.7. Other Ways of Sending Signals: raise() and killpg()
  • 20.8. Displaying Signal Descriptions
  • 20.9. Signal Sets
  • 20.10. The Signal Mask (Blocking Signal Delivery)
  • 20.11. Pending Signals
  • 20.12. Signals Are Not Queued
  • 20.13. Changing Signal Dispositions: sigaction()
  • 20.14. Waiting for a Signal: pause()
  • 20.15. Summary
  • 20.16. Exercises
• 21. Signals: Signal Handlers
  • 21.1. Designing Signal Handlers
  • 21.2. Other Methods of Terminating a Signal Handler
  • 21.3. Handling a Signal on an Alternate Stack: sigaltstack()
  • 21.4. The SA_SIGINFO Flag
  • 21.5. Interruption and Restarting of System Calls
  • 21.6. Summary
  • 21.7. Exercise
• 22. Signals: Advanced Features
  • 22.1. Core Dump Files
  • 22.2. Special Cases for Delivery, Disposition, and Handling
  • 22.3. Interruptible and Uninterruptible Process Sleep States
  • 22.4. Hardware-Generated Signals
  • 22.5. Synchronous and Asynchronous Signal Generation
  • 22.6. Timing and Order of Signal Delivery
  • 22.7. Implementation and Portability of signal()
  • 22.8. Realtime Signals
  • 22.9. Waiting for a Signal Using a Mask: sigsuspend()
  • 22.10. Synchronously Waiting for a Signal
  • 22.11. Fetching Signals via a File Descriptor
  • 22.12. Interprocess Communication with Signals
  • 22.13. Earlier Signal APIs (System V and BSD)
  • 22.14. Summary
  • 22.15. Exercises
• 23. Timers and Sleeping
  • 23.1. Interval Timers
  • 23.2. Scheduling and Accuracy of Timers
  • 23.3. Setting Timeouts on Blocking Operations
  • 23.4. Suspending Execution for a Fixed Interval (Sleeping)
  • 23.5. POSIX Clocks
  • 23.6. POSIX Interval Timers
  • 23.7. Timers That Notify via File Descriptors: The timerfd API
  • 23.8. Summary
  • 23.9. Exercises
• 24. Process Creation
  • 24.1. Overview of fork(), exit(), wait(), and execve()
  • 24.2. Creating a New Process: fork()
  • 24.3. The vfork() System Call
  • 24.4. Race Conditions After fork()
  • 24.5. Avoiding Race Conditions by Synchronizing with Signals
  • 24.6. Summary
  • 24.7. Exercises
• 25. Process Termination
  • 25.1. Terminating a Process: _exit() and exit()
  • 25.2. Details of Process Termination
  • 25.3. Exit Handlers
  • 25.4. Interactions Between fork(), stdio Buffers, and _exit()
  • 25.5. Summary
  • 25.6. Exercise
• 26. Monitoring Child Processes
  • 26.1. Waiting on a Child Process
  • 26.2. Orphans and Zombies
  • 26.3. The SIGCHLD Signal
  • 26.4. Summary
  • 26.5. Exercises
• 27. Program Execution
  • 27.1. Executing a New Program: execve()
  • 27.2. The exec() Library Functions
  • 27.3. Interpreter Scripts
  • 27.4. File Descriptors and exec()
  • 27.5. Signals and exec()
  • 27.6. Executing a Shell Command: system()
  • 27.7. Implementing system()
  • 27.8. Summary
  • 27.9. Exercises
• 28. Process Creation and Program Execution in More Detail
  • 28.1. Process Accounting
  • 28.2. The clone() System Call
  • 28.3. Speed of Process Creation
  • 28.4. Effect of exec() and fork() on Process Attributes
  • 28.5. Summary
  • 28.6. Exercise
• 29. Threads: Introduction
  • 29.1. Overview
  • 29.2. Background Details of the Pthreads API
  • 29.3. Thread Creation
  • 29.4. Thread Termination
  • 29.5. Thread IDs
  • 29.6. Joining with a Terminated Thread
  • 29.7. Detaching a Thread
  • 29.8. Thread Attributes
  • 29.9. Threads Versus Processes
  • 29.10. Summary
  • 29.11. Exercises
• 30. Threads: Thread Synchronization
  • 30.1. Protecting Accesses to Shared Variables: Mutexes
  • 30.2. Signaling Changes of State: Condition Variables
  • 30.3. Summary
  • 30.4. Exercises
• 31. Threads: Thread Safety and Per-Thread Storage
  • 31.1. Thread Safety (and Reentrancy Revisited)
  • 31.2. One-Time Initialization
  • 31.3. Thread-Specific Data
  • 31.4. Thread-Local Storage
  • 31.5. Summary
  • 31.6. Exercises
• 32. Threads: Thread Cancellation
  • 32.1. Canceling a Thread
  • 32.2. Cancellation State and Type
  • 32.3. Cancellation Points
  • 32.4. Testing for Thread Cancellation
  • 32.5. Cleanup Handlers
  • 32.6. Asynchronous Cancelability
  • 32.7. Summary
• 33. Threads: Further Details
  • 33.1. Thread Stacks
  • 33.2. Threads and Signals
  • 33.3. Threads and Process Control
  • 33.4. Thread Implementation Models
  • 33.5. Linux Implementations of POSIX Threads
  • 33.6. Advanced Features of the Pthreads API
  • 33.7. Summary
  • 33.8. Exercises
• 34. Process Groups, Sessions, and Job Control
  • 34.1. Overview
  • 34.2. Process Groups
  • 34.3. Sessions
  • 34.4. Controlling Terminals and Controlling Processes
  • 34.5. Foreground and Background Process Groups
  • 34.6. The SIGHUP Signal
  • 34.7. Job Control
  • 34.8. Summary
  • 34.9. Exercises
• 35. Process Priorities and Scheduling
  • 35.1. Process Priorities (Nice Values)
  • 35.2. Overview of Realtime Process Scheduling
  • 35.3. Realtime Process Scheduling API
  • 35.4. CPU Affinity
  • 35.5. Summary
  • 35.6. Exercises
• 36. Process Resources
  • 36.1. Process Resource Usage
  • 36.2. Process Resource Limits
  • 36.3. Details of Specific Resource Limits
  • 36.4. Summary
  • 36.5. Exercises
• 37. Daemons
  • 37.1. Overview
  • 37.2. Creating a Daemon
  • 37.3. Guidelines for Writing Daemons
  • 37.4. Using SIGHUP to Reinitialize a Daemon
  • 37.5. Logging Messages and Errors Using syslog
  • 37.6. Summary
  • 37.7. Exercise
• 38. Writing Secure Privileged Programs
  • 38.1. Is a Set-User-ID or Set-Group-ID Program Required?
  • 38.2. Operate with Least Privilege
  • 38.3. Be Careful When Executing a Program
  • 38.4. Avoid Exposing Sensitive Information
  • 38.5. Confine the Process
  • 38.6. Beware of Signals and Race Conditions
  • 38.7. Pitfalls When Performing File Operations and File I/O
  • 38.8. Don't Trust Inputs or the Environment
  • 38.9. Beware of Buffer Overruns
  • 38.10. Beware of Denial-of-Service Attacks
  • 38.11. Check Return Statuses and Fail Safely
  • 38.12. Summary
  • 38.13. Exercises
• 39. Capabilities
  • 39.1. Rationale for Capabilities
  • 39.2. The Linux Capabilities
  • 39.3. Process and File Capabilities
  • 39.4. The Modern Capabilities Implementation
  • 39.5. Transformation of Process Capabilities During exec()
  • 39.6. Effect on Process Capabilities of Changing User IDs
  • 39.7. Changing Process Capabilities Programmatically
  • 39.8. Creating Capabilities-Only Environments
  • 39.9. Discovering the Capabilities Required by a Program
  • 39.10. Older Kernels and Systems Without File Capabilities
  • 39.11. Summary
  • 39.12. Exercise
• 40. Login Accounting
  • 40.1. Overview of the utmp and wtmp Files
  • 40.2. The utmpx API
  • 40.3. The utmpx Structure
  • 40.4. Retrieving Information from the utmp and wtmp Files
  • 40.5. Retrieving the Login Name: getlogin()
  • 40.6. Updating the utmp and wtmp Files for a Login Session
  • 40.7. The lastlog File
  • 40.8. Summary
  • 40.9. Exercises
• 41. Fundamentals of Shared Libraries
  • 41.1. Object Libraries
  • 41.2. Static Libraries
  • 41.3. Overview of Shared Libraries
  • 41.4. Creating and Using Shared Libraries—A First Pass
  • 41.5. Useful Tools for Working with Shared Libraries
  • 41.6. Shared Library Versions and Naming Conventions
  • 41.7. Installing Shared Libraries
  • 41.8. Compatible Versus Incompatible Libraries
  • 41.9. Upgrading Shared Libraries
  • 41.10. Specifying Library Search Directories in an Object File
  • 41.11. Finding Shared Libraries at Run Time
  • 41.12. Run-Time Symbol Resolution
  • 41.13. Using a Static Library Instead of a Shared Library
  • 41.14. Summary
  • 41.15. Exercise
• 42. Advanced Features of Shared Libraries
  • 42.1. Dynamically Loaded Libraries
  • 42.2. Controlling Symbol Visibility
  • 42.3. Linker Version Scripts
  • 42.4. Initialization and Finalization Functions
  • 42.5. Preloading Shared Libraries
  • 42.6. Monitoring the Dynamic Linker: LD_DEBUG
  • 42.7. Summary
  • 42.8. Exercises
• 43. Interprocess Communication Overview
  • 43.1. A Taxonomy of IPC Facilities
  • 43.2. Communication Facilities
  • 43.3. Synchronization Facilities
  • 43.4. Comparing IPC Facilities
  • 43.5. Summary
  • 43.6. Exercises
• 44. Pipes and FIFOs
  • 44.1. Overview
  • 44.2. Creating and Using Pipes
  • 44.3. Pipes as a Method of Process Synchronization
  • 44.4. Using Pipes to Connect Filters
  • 44.5. Talking to a Shell Command via a Pipe: popen()
  • 44.6. Pipes and stdio Buffering
  • 44.7. FIFOs
  • 44.8. A Client-Server Application Using FIFOs
  • 44.9. Nonblocking I/O
  • 44.10. Semantics of read() and write() on Pipes and FIFOs
  • 44.11. Summary
  • 44.12. Exercises
• 45. Introduction to System V IPC
  • 45.1. API Overview
  • 45.2. IPC Keys
  • 45.3. Associated Data Structure and Object Permissions
  • 45.4. IPC Identifiers and Client-Server Applications
  • 45.5. Algorithm Employed by System V IPC get Calls
  • 45.6. The ipcs and ipcrm Commands
  • 45.7. Obtaining a List of All IPC Objects
  • 45.8. IPC Limits
  • 45.9. Summary
  • 45.10. Exercises
• 46. System V Message Queues
  • 46.1. Creating or Opening a Message Queue
  • 46.2. Exchanging Messages
  • 46.3. Message Queue Control Operations
  • 46.4. Message Queue Associated Data Structure
  • 46.5. Message Queue Limits
  • 46.6. Displaying All Message Queues on the System
  • 46.7. Client-Server Programming with Message Queues
  • 46.8. A File-Server Application Using Message Queues
  • 46.9. Disadvantages of System V Message Queues
  • 46.10. Summary
  • 46.11. Exercises
• 47. System V Semaphores
  • 47.1. Overview
  • 47.2. Creating or Opening a Semaphore Set
  • 47.3. Semaphore Control Operations
  • 47.4. Semaphore Associated Data Structure
  • 47.5. Semaphore Initialization
  • 47.6. Semaphore Operations
  • 47.7. Handling of Multiple Blocked Semaphore Operations
  • 47.8. Semaphore Undo Values
  • 47.9. Implementing a Binary Semaphores Protocol
  • 47.10. Semaphore Limits
  • 47.11. Disadvantages of System V Semaphores
  • 47.12. Summary
  • 47.13. Exercises
• 48. System V Shared Memory
  • 48.1. Overview
  • 48.2. Creating or Opening a Shared Memory Segment
  • 48.3. Using Shared Memory
  • 48.4. Example: Transferring Data via Shared Memory
  • 48.5. Location of Shared Memory in Virtual Memory
  • 48.6. Storing Pointers in Shared Memory
  • 48.7. Shared Memory Control Operations
  • 48.8. Shared Memory Associated Data Structure
  • 48.9. Shared Memory Limits
  • 48.10. Summary
  • 48.11. Exercises
• 49. Memory Mappings
  • 49.1. Overview
  • 49.2. Creating a Mapping: mmap()
  • 49.3. Unmapping a Mapped Region: munmap()
  • 49.4. File Mappings
  • 49.5. Synchronizing a Mapped Region: msync()
  • 49.6. Additional mmap() Flags
  • 49.7. Anonymous Mappings
  • 49.8. Remapping a Mapped Region: mremap()
  • 49.9. MAP_NORESERVE and Swap Space Overcommitting
  • 49.10. The MAP_FIXED Flag
  • 49.11. Nonlinear Mappings: remap_file_pages()
  • 49.12. Summary
  • 49.13. Exercises
• 50. Virtual Memory Operations
  • 50.1. Changing Memory Protection: mprotect()
  • 50.2. Memory Locking: mlock() and mlockall()
  • 50.3. Determining Memory Residence: mincore()
  • 50.4. Advising Future Memory Usage Patterns: madvise()
  • 50.5. Summary
  • 50.6. Exercises
• 51. Introduction to POSIX IPC
  • 51.1. API Overview
  • 51.2. Comparison of System V IPC and POSIX IPC
  • 51.3. Summary
• 52. POSIX Message Queues
  • 52.1. Overview
  • 52.2. Opening, Closing, and Unlinking a Message Queue
  • 52.3. Relationship Between Descriptors and Message Queues
  • 52.4. Message Queue Attributes
  • 52.5. Exchanging Messages
  • 52.6. Message Notification
  • 52.7. Linux-Specific Features
  • 52.8. Message Queue Limits
  • 52.9. Comparison of POSIX and System V Message Queues
  • 52.10. Summary
  • 52.11. Exercises
• 53. POSIX Semaphores
  • 53.1. Overview
  • 53.2. Named Semaphores
  • 53.3. Semaphore Operations
  • 53.4. Unnamed Semaphores
  • 53.5. Comparisons with Other Synchronization Techniques
  • 53.6. Semaphore Limits
  • 53.7. Summary
  • 53.8. Exercises
• 54. POSIX Shared Memory
  • 54.1. Overview
  • 54.2. Creating Shared Memory Objects
  • 54.3. Using Shared Memory Objects
  • 54.4. Removing Shared Memory Objects
  • 54.5. Comparisons Between Shared Memory APIs
  • 54.6. Summary
  • 54.7. Exercise
• 55. File Locking
  • 55.1. Overview
  • 55.2. File Locking with flock()
  • 55.3. Record Locking with fcntl()
  • 55.4. Mandatory Locking
  • 55.5. The /proc/locks File
  • 55.6. Running Just One Instance of a Program
  • 55.7. Older Locking Techniques
  • 55.8. Summary
  • 55.9. Exercises
• 56. Sockets: Introduction
  • 56.1. Overview
  • 56.2. Creating a Socket: socket()
  • 56.3. Binding a Socket to an Address: bind()
  • 56.4. Generic Socket Address Structures: struct sockaddr
  • 56.5. Stream Sockets
  • 56.6. Datagram Sockets
  • 56.7. Summary
• 57. Sockets: UNIX Domain
  • 57.1. UNIX Domain Socket Addresses: struct sockaddr_un
  • 57.2. Stream Sockets in the UNIX Domain
  • 57.3. Datagram Sockets in the UNIX Domain
  • 57.4. UNIX Domain Socket Permissions
  • 57.5. Creating a Connected Socket Pair: socketpair()
  • 57.6. The Linux Abstract Socket Namespace
  • 57.7. Summary
  • 57.8. Exercises
• 58. Sockets: Fundamentals of TCP/IP Networks
  • 58.1. Internets
  • 58.2. Networking Protocols and Layers
  • 58.3. The Data-Link Layer
  • 58.4. The Network Layer: IP
  • 58.5. IP Addresses
  • 58.6. The Transport Layer
  • 58.7. Requests for Comments (RFCs)
  • 58.8. Summary
• 59. Sockets: Internet Domains
  • 59.1. Internet Domain Sockets
  • 59.2. Network Byte Order
  • 59.3. Data Representation
  • 59.4. Internet Socket Addresses
  • 59.5. Overview of Host and Service Conversion Functions
  • 59.6. The inet_pton() and inet_ntop() Functions
  • 59.7. Client-Server Example (Datagram Sockets)
  • 59.8. Domain Name System (DNS)
  • 59.9. The /etc/services File
  • 59.10. Protocol-Independent Host and Service Conversion
  • 59.11. Client-Server Example (Stream Sockets)
    • いきなりここからこの本に入った。
      • ソケット通信するだけでこんなに複雑なのか、と驚いた。
      • ソースを眺めていると、C言語としてもわからないまたは理解が曖昧な表現がいろいろある。まずそれをつぶそう。
      • まずヘッダファイルって何だっけ？aka:C PROGRAMMING: A Modern Appoach の 15 WRITING LARGE PROGRAMS へ。
      • 次に、'struct'とか'hoge.piyo'とかあるが、これは構造体とかいうものだろう。で何だっけ？aka:C PROGRAMMING: A Modern Appoach の 16 Structures, Unions, and Enumerations へ。
      • T.B.D.
  • 59.12. An Internet Domain Sockets Library
  • 59.13. Obsolete APIs for Host and Service Conversions
  • 59.14. UNIX Versus Internet Domain Sockets
  • 59.15. Further Information
  • 59.16. Summary
  • 59.17. Exercises
• 60. Sockets: Server Design
  • 60.1. Iterative and Concurrent Servers
  • 60.2. An Iterative UDP echo Server
  • 60.3. A Concurrent TCP echo Server
  • 60.4. Other Concurrent Server Designs
  • 60.5. The inetd (Internet Superserver) Daemon
  • 60.6. Summary
  • 60.7. Exercises
• 61. Sockets: Advanced Topics
  • 61.1. Partial Reads and Writes on Stream Sockets
  • 61.2. The shutdown() System Call
  • 61.3. Socket-Specific I/O System Calls: recv() and send()
  • 61.4. The sendfile() System Call
  • 61.5. Retrieving Socket Addresses
  • 61.6. A Closer Look at TCP
  • 61.7. Monitoring Sockets: netstat
  • 61.8. Using tcpdump to Monitor TCP Traffic
  • 61.9. Socket Options
  • 61.10. The SO_REUSEADDR Socket Option
  • 61.11. Inheritance of Flags and Options Across accept()
  • 61.12. TCP Versus UDP
  • 61.13. Advanced Features
  • 61.14. Summary
  • 61.15. Exercises
• 62. Terminals
  • 62.1. Overview
  • 62.2. Retrieving and Modifying Terminal Attributes
  • 62.3. The stty Command
  • 62.4. Terminal Special Characters
  • 62.5. Terminal Flags
  • 62.6. Terminal I/O Modes
  • 62.7. Terminal Line Speed (Bit Rate)
  • 62.8. Terminal Line Control
  • 62.9. Terminal Window Size
  • 62.10. Terminal Identification
  • 62.11. Summary
  • 62.12. Exercises
• 63. Alternative I/O Models
  • 63.1. Overview
  • 63.2. I/O Multiplexing
  • 63.3. Signal-Driven I/O
  • 63.4. The epoll API
  • 63.5. Waiting on Signals and File Descriptors
  • 63.6. Summary
  • 63.7. Exercises
• 64. Pseudoterminals
  • 64.1. Overview
  • 64.2. UNIX 98 Pseudoterminals
  • 64.3. Opening a Master: ptyMasterOpen()
  • 64.4. Connecting Processes with a Pseudoterminal: ptyFork()
  • 64.5. Pseudoterminal I/O
  • 64.6. Implementing script(1)
  • 64.7. Terminal Attributes and Window Size
  • 64.8. BSD Pseudoterminals
  • 64.9. Summary
  • 64.10. Exercises
• Appendix A. Tracing System Calls
• Appendix B. Parsing Command-Line Options
  • B.1.
• Appendix C. Casting the NULL Pointer
• Appendix D. Kernel Configuration
• Appendix E. Further Sources of Information
  • E.1.
• Appendix F. Solutions to Selected Exercises
  • F.1.